Figure 3

Graphical Abstract: At a given supersaturation state, the conventional affinity-based rate law predicts a rate that is independent of the ion ratio (green horizontal line). However, the ion activity ratio influences the instantaneous rate, changes in the rate over time, and the nature of precipitation kinetics at extreme ion ratios. SEM Images of (a) unreacted seed materials; and of newly formed calcite crystals on seed materials under conditions (b) r = 0.0032 with 0.1 mM Sr²⁺; (c) r = 1.822 with 0.1 mM Sr²⁺; (d) r = 0.306 and 0.1 mM Sr²⁺; and (e) r = 0.306 with no Sr²⁺. Numbers indicate beam location for EDS qualitative elemental mapping.