Formation of todorokite from “c-disordered” H+-birnessites: the roles of average manganese oxidation state and interlayer cations

Table 1 Chemical analyses and average manganese oxidation states of the synthetic “c-disordered” H⁺-birnessites

Reaction condition	Ratio of MnO₄ ⁻/Mn²⁺	Sample	Na (mmol/g)	K (mmol/g)	Mn (mmol/g)	AOS
KMnO₄ + NaOH + MnCl₂ (NaCl pre-exchange)	0.42	0.42-Na-H-Bir	1.61	0.20	9.84	3.58
KMnO₄ + NaOH + MnCl₂ (NaCl pre-exchange)	0.52	0.52-Na-H-Bir	1.64	0.03	9.68	3.63
KMnO₄ + NaOH + MnCl₂ (NaCl pre-exchange)	0.67	0.67-Na-H-Bir	2.29	0.05	8.78	3.74
KMnO₄ + NaOH + MnCl₂ (KCl pre-exchange)	0.52	0.52-K-H-Bir	0.01	2.43	9.15	3.66
KMnO₄ + NaOH + MnCl₂	0.52	0.52-H-Bir	0.07	0.61	9.56	3.64

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